Coleman Sellers modified the Zoetrope, replacing its hand- drawn images with photographs, creating the Kinematoscope in 1. Henry Renno Heyl then projected a series of Kinematoscope photographs, using his Phasmatrope device, in 1.
Emil Reynaud invented a Zoetrope- like device called the Praxinoscope, which functioned as both a camera and a projector. Although Reynaud's images were all hand- drawn rather than photographic, they were presented on strips of celluloid (rather than on the discs used by all previous devices). Reynaud called his machine Theatre Optique, and used it to project Pantomimes Lumineuses presentations. His first public screening was a projection of Pauvre Pierrot (1. Similarly, in 1. 88. William Friese- Greene collaborated with John Arthur Roebuck Rudge on a Biophantascope capable of projecting magic lantern slides in rapid succession. His results, published in 1.
Etienne- Jules Marey enhanced Muybridge's technique, creating a single camera capable of capturing a series of rapid exposures which he called Chronophotographie. Otto Anschutz invented a device capable of projecting Chronophotographie images in rapid sequence; he first demonstrated this Electrotachyscope in Berlin in 1. The very first moving photographic images were filmed in 1. Louis Le Prince, using a camera he had invented himself, recorded approximately two seconds of 'actuality' footage known as Roundhay Garden Scene in Leeds, England. Le Prince built his first projector in Paris in 1. Leeds later that year.
Special Entry Page Twenty-seven. Guestbook from the Hotel Wittelsbach for August 13, 1934, on the occasion of the visit of Adolf Hitler to attend the 300th.
His projectors were patented in 1. Each of Le Prince's devices projected at a different rate: twelve, sixteen, and twenty frames- per- second. As early cameras and projectors were hand- cranked, frame- rate consistency was not always maintained, though sixteen frames- per- second is accepted as an industry average for silent films. Subsequently, twenty- four frames- per- second became the standard speed for sound films.
In 1. 89. 3, after modifications, the Kinetoscope was consolidated as a hand- cranked machine displaying celluloid filmstrips to individual viewers, known as a Kinetograph; the first film shown to the public in this manner was Blacksmith Scene (1. A year later, Charles Francis Jenkins invented the Phantoscope projector in Indiana, and refined it with Thomas Armat. Their Phantoscope patent was then sold to Edison, who renamed it the Vitascope and used it to project Kinetograph films in 1.
In early 1. 89. 5, the brothers Gray and Otway Latham developed and publicly demonstrated a film- projection system in New York. The Lathams were assisted by WKL Dickson, who had also worked with Edison, and their device was known as a Panopticon. Their Bioskop was demonstrated to the public in late 1.
Cimiez, Nice Privately printed for the author. Special Discount on VHS-to-DVD Upgrades! Save up to 50% on VHS upgrades for your library. Take a look at some DVD recommendations. Some Known Still Codes Part 2: Codes starting with numbers. Most stills will have a number or letter sequence, which identifies the film, and a.
The Lumieres utilised a Cinematographe camera/projector, patented by Leon Bouly in 1. Cynematograph, in 1. The Lumiere's early films were all brief 'actualites' and 'scenics', documentaries detailing events from everyday life, the sole exception being their short comedy Le Jardinier: L'Arroseur Arrose, also from 1. The significance was not the content of these films but rather the medium itself.
Film Terms Glossary : Cinematic Terms : Definition and Explanation: Example (if applicable) Dogme 95: a collective of film directors founded in Denmark in 1995 led by.
Like still photography, x- rays, air travel, and high- speed land travel, all popularised at the turn of the 2. The early films of the Lumieres and others are now regarded as a 'cinema of attractions', offering novelty and spectacle rather than narrative. The benshi originally introduced each film by providing an explanation of its exposition, though later their performances became more sophisticated. Actors would stand behind the screen, interpreting the film as a live drama, known as Kagezerifu. Cineorama featured an enormous panoramic screen, onto which were projected ten simultaneous images side by side. The result was certainly spectacular, though the flammability of nitrate film reels, coupled with the logistics of synchronising ten projectors, curtailed the system's commercial potential.
It would later influence Abel Gance's Napoleon and Hollywood's Cinerama process. He used editing and trick photography to create films in which objects and people appear, disappear, multiply, explode, grow, and shrink. These stop- motion effects influenced early cartoon animators such as James Stuart Blackton (Humorous Phases Of Funny Faces, 1. Emile Cohl (Fantasmagorie, 1.
Melies's film screenings were accompanied by narration provided by 'bonimenteurs', similar to Japanese benshi. Melies's masterpiece was a science- fiction tale about a group of curious Victorians exploring the lunar surface, Le Voyage Dans La Lune (1. It was based on a story by Jules Verne, who inspired many such narratives of fantastical journeys. Le Voyage was more than ten times longer than any previous film, a remarkable attempt at a sustained narrative which predates Edwin S Porter's early western The Great Train Robbery (1. The first feature- length film was made in Australia, Charles Tait's The Story Of The Kelly Gang (1. Griffith can thus be seen as the first 'modern' director, whose greatest achievements were the historical epics The Birth Of A Nation (1.
Intolerance (1. 91. A Sun- Play Of The Ages: A Drama Of Comparisons and Love's Struggle Throughout The Ages). It was, however, the Italian studios that produced the very first epic films, including Quo Vadis? In contrast to these historical epics was Arnaldo Ginna's film Vita Futurista (1. Futurismo (Futurism) movement and directed according to the cinema manifesto published by FT Marinetti in L'Italia Futurista. The manifesto envisioned Futurist cinema as an amalgamation (a .
There, he directed and starred in a series of single- reel silent comedies, including The Tramp (1. Together with DW Griffith, Mary Pickford, and Douglas Fairbanks, Chaplin founded the independent studio United Artists in 1. Pickford and Fairbanks were married, and Fairbanks specialised in swashbuckling roles such as The Mark Of Zorro (Fred Niblo, 1. Errol Flynn in the 1. The Adventures Of Robin Hood; Michael Curtiz, 1. United Artists was eventually sold in 1.
MGM. The world- famous stage actress Sarah Bernhardt starred in the Elizabethan costume drama Les Amours De La Reine Elisabeth (Louis Mercanton, 1. France's Film d'Art productions. The first example was L'Assassinat Du Duc de Guise (1.
Andre Calmettes and Charles Le Bargy. Films d'Art were significant for their extended running- times, though their static camerawork and stage- like sets were more regressive than innovative.
A similar trend existed in Germany, with the popularity of Autorenfilme (literary adaptations), starting with Der Andere (Max Mack, 1. The Autorenfilme became increasingly elaborate, leading to opulent costume dramas known as Kostumefilme, a trend begun by Joe May's Veritas Vincit (1.
Ernst Lubitsch (notably his Mme du Barry, 1. Other Japanese genres of the period were: Nonsensu- Mono (comedies), Matatabi- Mono (films about wandering outlaws, such as Hiroshi Inagaki's Tenka Taiheiki from 1.
Bunka Eiga (documentaries, later called Kiroku Eiga), and Jiji Eiga (also documentaries, though specifically jingoistic). The Silent Era. Charlie Chaplin's silent comedy shorts of the 1. The Gold Rush (1. City Lights (1. 93.
Other Hollywood stars of the era included sex- symbol Rudolph Valentino, whose most popular leading role was in the exotic drama The Sheik (George Melford, 1. In contrast to the decadence of Hollywood's emerging star and studio systems was Robert Flaherty's humanist documentary Nanook Of The North (1. John Grierson who wrote one of the first analyses of documentary films (First Principles Of Documentary, 1. Grierson has been credited with coining the term 'documentary', though he disputes this: . The French who first used the term only meant travelogue. This system of classical Hollywood studio production survived until the 1. Oskar Messter had produced Tonbilders (films with synchronised sound) in the 1.
The Jazz Singer may have been technically inferior to these earlier experimental sound films, its commercial success led directly to the demise of silent cinema. French director Abel Gance's films (notably La Roue from 1. Napoleon from 1. 92. Napoleon had a running- time of over five hours, and was projected using the Polyvision system: three screens were used, enabling incredible panoramic images to be presented. Polyvision was influenced by the ten- projector panoramas of the French Cineorama system, and it inspired the American Cinerama process of the 1. Similar effects were later achieved using split- screen techniques, as in Richard L Bare's Wicked, Wicked (1. Duo- Vision). Kichizo Chiba's Onoga Tsumi (1.
Gendai- Geki. Another, Bansho Kanamori's Yuki- Yoe Shi: Murasaki Zukin (1. Ken- Geki genre (Samurai sword- fighting films, also known as Chambara). Daisuke Ito's Chuji Tabi Nikki: Goyo Hen (1.
Jidai- Geki cinema and is also a Yakuza- Geki prototype. The Shomin- Geki social comedies led to a series of satirical comedies known as Modan- Mono, such as Yutaka Abe's Ashi Ni Sawatta Onna (1. Amongst them was Kenji Mizoguchi's Tokai Kokyogaku (1. One of the final Keiko- Eiga films was Shigekichi Suzuki's Nani Gakanojo Wo So Saretaka (1.
Japanese silent cinema. Weimar Expressionism. German Expressionismus (Expressionism), the cinema's first avant- garde movement, emphasised atmosphere at the expense of realism.
Angular, distorted designs, including artificial light and shadow formations, were painted directly onto the set walls. Actors were encouraged to create wildly stylised performances.
Unconventional camera angles were employed. Elements of the Expressionist style would later appear in the films of Orson Welles, in Universal's 1.
Film Noir. Fritz Lang's superproduction Metropolis (1. Germany's premier studio, UFA. Lang also made the chilling M (1. Hollywood thrillers including The Big Heat (1. FW Murnau directed Nosferatu: Eine Symphonie Des Grauens (1. Kammerspielfilm Der Letzte Mann (1. Germany, and Sunrise: A Song Of Two Humans (1.
America, only to be killed in a road accident a few years later.